A Brief Note On Cervical Cancer And Breast Cancer

Likewise, Jennifer et al. (2004) and Nancy et al. (2013) agree that cervical cancer and breast cancer continue to be prevalent in Appalachian Kentucky as a result of personal behavioral choices of the residents which include alcohol consumption and sedentary lifestyle. Failure to afford health care makes it almost impossible for Appalachian women to undertake cancer screening. In rural Kentucky, it has been observed that there is a shortage of medical equipment to properly provide women with the much needed cancer care. This is not only discouraging women to visit clinics, but it also discourages them from relying on technology for health literacy, information on disease control, and prevention (Jennifer et al, 2004). Cancer Screening†¦show more content†¦This might be due to the fact that cancer screening is somewhat expensive, for example Morgan et al, reveals that colorectal cancer screening is $125. This amount is very costly for Kentucky Appalachian residents who survive on low income and very few individuals can afford health insurance to cover those costs (Morgan et al, 2014). David (1973) accounts for a case study that was carried out in Leslie County Kentucky that investigated how serious the residents take screening tests. 751 households were invited to partake on multiphasic screening, 489 reacted to the invitation and of the 498, 281 actually showed up for the screening. The excuses made by the households that did not respond to the invitation and those who responded but did not show up included family illness, transportation costs, fear â€Å" that the exam would reveal illness† and work commitments (David 1973). This reveals how Kentuckians place very little importance on screening yet screening is one of the fundamental tests used to detect cancer in its early stages. Individual behavior Ignorance, attitude and individual beliefs contribute to the limited knowledge that women hold. Appalachians have very little trust on internet information which can assist them in identifying early signs ofShow MoreRelatedEdward Jenner and the Cowpox Vaccine1771 Words   |  7 Pagesboy who was suffering from smallpox. The boy became immune to the smallpox disease and Jenner was named the founding father of vaccinations. After his discovery, vaccines were later created for Cholera, Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Polio (â€Å"A Brief History†). Vaccines were developed in order to â€Å"trick† the body into making antibodies (â€Å"Understanding†). Using germs that are similar, but not harmful, to the disease a vaccine is trying to prevent, vaccines are able to mimic body responses by creatingRead More High-Tech Workers in the Silicon Valley Essay2657 Words   |  11 PagesBrief History of the Valley The Silicon Valley area became a major manufacturing power after World War II. The Cold War furthered this development, as industries involved in defense, aerospace, steel, oil, automobiles, and so on prospered (Hossfeld 405-406). The high-technology industry began in the laboratories of corporations such as Bell Laboratories, American Telephone and Telegraph, Fairchild Camera and Instrument, and General Electric during this Cold War era (Bacon, â€Å"Organizing†)Read MorePublic Health Information Systems5165 Words   |  21 PagesAnalysis/Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 11. Mapping †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..23 12. Aggregation/Reporting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 13. Communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..24 Cancer Surveillance Domain 1. What is Cancer Surveillance Domain?...........................................................................26 2. Who are Cancer Surveillance Domain Stakeholders?.................................................27 3. Expressing the Criteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.28 4. Selecting a Site†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Impact Of Restrictive Covenants On The Healthcare Context2912 Words   |  12 Pagescompete provisions, have gradually become the prominent tool in order to facilitate that protection. As such, it is important to note and analyze the significant impact that enforcement of these restrictive covenants has not only on the business and the physician individually, but on third parties such as the community and the public at large. This paper will provide a brief outline the history of restrictive covenants, detail the application of those restrictive covenants in the healthcare contextRead MoreEssay about Abortion: Morally Correct, Not Morally Good3256 Words   |  14 Pagesbalance between both Pro-life (PL ) and pro-choice (PC) sides of the issue cons idering that a Gallop poll taken in October of 2003 showed that 55%, the majority, wanted abortion to be legal with restrictions (PollingReport.com). It is interesting to note that abortion was not even an issue until the mid 19th century. It was not even considered morally or legally wrong prior to then. By the turn of the century, every state had banned abortion. The reasons for this seem to have stemmed from a groupRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 Pagesnurse documents that he is tachypneic. The nurse understands that tachypnea means A. frequent bowel sounds. B. heart rate greater than 100 beats/minute C. hyperventilation. D. respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths/minute 13. A client who has cervical cancer is scheduled to undergo internal radiation. In teaching the client about the procedure, the nurse would be most accurate in telling the client A. she ll be in a private room with unrestricted activities. B. a bowel-cleansing procedure willRead MoreIntroducing Focus Groups3772 Words   |  16 Pagestest particular hypotheses. Imaginative sampling is crucial. Most people now recognise class or ethnicity as important variables, and it is also worth considering other variables. For example, when exploring women s experiences of maternity care or cervical smears it may be advisable to include groups of lesbians or women who were sexually abused as children.22 Most researchers recommend aiming for homogeneity within each group in order to capitalise on people s shared experiences. However, it canRead MoreMedical Test with Answers Essay example16933 Words   |  68 Pagesprogram aimed at primary prevention in the community. Which action should the nurse implement? A. Immunizations that decrease occurrences of many contagious diseases. Correct B. Blood pressure screenings to identify persons with high blood pressure. C. Breast self-examination (BSE) for young women instead of a mammogram. D. Home care monitoring for clients who are high-risk due to pregnancy. Primary prevention involves health promotion and disease prevention activities to decrease the occurrence of illnessRead MoreComprehensive 1 Essay18452 Words   |  74 Pagesaimed at primary prevention in the community. Which action should the nurse implement? A.   Immunizations that decrease occurrences of many contagious diseases.  Correct B.   Blood pressure screenings to identify persons with high blood pressure. C.   Breast self-examination (BSE) for young women instead of a mammogram. D.   Home care monitoring for clients who are high-risk due to pregnancy. Primary prevention involves health promotion and disease prevention activities to decrease the occurrence of illnessRead MoreMicrobiology Research Paper6879 Words   |  28 Pagesinjections of similar amounts of recombinant PspA administered by injection. There is considerable potential to develop a vaccine with L. lactis, for use against S. streptococcus and more. (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v195n2/36706/brief/36706.abstract.html?erFrom=-2043069302250900887Guest) Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Is a gram-negative cocci that are shaped like coffee beans and grow as diplococcic. Neisseria gonorrhoeae grow on chocolate agar with carbon dioxide and need nutrients to

Hate the Wait Launched for Organ Donations Essay - 558 Words

The New York Donor Network launched a memorable ad campaign in August of 2013 called â€Å"Hate the Wait† to encourage organ donation registration among New Yorkers. Ten-thousand New Yorkers are on the organ transplant waiting lists and a new name is added ever two and a half hours, yet the percentage of New Yorkers registered as organ donors is less than half the national average. One of these ads was placed on New York City subways (see fig. 1). With the new ad, the donor network is targeting New Yorkers apathetic to organ donation to make them care enough to register as a donor. Other ad campaigns including New York Donor Networks past â€Å"Keep Life Going† ads often feature bright colors, smiling faces, and words of gratitude from†¦show more content†¦By comparing people â€Å"waiting in line† for an organ transplant with waiting in line for a subway, the piece argues that the needs of organ transplant patient so far exceeds the petty annoyances of everyday waiting in line. The piece argues that waiting in line for an organ is far worse than waiting in line for traffic or at checkout because the consequences are so grave. People do not usually die waiting in traffic or in line at the grocery store checkout lane. Still, most people feel that waiting in line in traffic or at checkout is outrageous and are problems that should be prevented by better infrastructure or more cashiers. The idea of people waiting in line for a life-saving organ transplant can kindle the same feeling of outrage and make people feel this too is a problem which should be prevented. The dark colors fit with the focus on death and give a serious feel to the ad. The dead mans pale feet and washed-out jeans are the only significant contrast the dark background colors of the visual, which make him stand out as the obvious subject of the piece. He is also the only one not wearing shoes, which not only makes him stand out but also communicates that he is dead because of the body identification tag around his toe. The viewers eye naturally follows the line from the â€Å"first† man whos shoes are lower in the image, down the lineShow MoreRelatedHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagescould approach any manager at any level for assistance. The policy included a speciï ¬ c ban on retaliation. The company also added a toll-free, 24-hour hotline for reporting violations of the code of conduct, added an ethics ofï ¬ cer to its ranks, and launched an ethics awareness campaign. The ethics April 2007 | Harvard Business Review 35 HBR CASE STUDY | Why Didn’t We Know? ofï ¬ cer, who was responsible for ethics training and enforcement of the code of conduct, reported to the generalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesautoimmune disease in which the body attacks its own healthy tissue. Symptoms include fatigue, headaches, joint pain, light sensitivity, and rashes. Benlysta targets the specific protein that becomes overactive, causing the body to attack its own organs. At stake is relief for the millions of sufferers of lupus worldwide. —C. Rothman, 2009 COMPANY: MOTOROLA Project: Google Android Smart Phones Motorola is set to release multiple Google Android smart phones at several different price points.Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pageslaugh too little, drive too fast, get too angry too quickly, stay up too late, get too tired, read too seldom, watch TV too much, and pray too seldom. We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our values. We talk too much, love too seldom, and hate too often. We have learned how to make a living but not a life; we’ve added years to life but not life to years. We’ve been all the way to the moon and back but have trouble crossing the 4 INTRODUCTION street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve

Analysis of the Bioethical Issues in Gattaca Essay Example For Students

Analysis of the Bioethical Issues in Gattaca Essay Biology is the science of life. Technology uses science to solve problems. Our society has progressed in its understanding of life to the point that we are able to manipulate it on a fundamental level through technology. This has led to profound ethical dilemmas. The movie Gattaca explores some important bioethical issues that are currently the focus of much dispute. The underlying thematic issue presented is the question of the extent to which biologically inherent human potential determines the true potential of a person. Perhaps the most controversial issue in Gattaca is the use of genetic engineering technology in humans to create a more perfect society; this is, essentially, a new method of Eugenics. Another related issue seen in the movie is that of pre-natal selection. Through the use of the same or similar technologies, parents are able to choose the characteristics with which their children will be born. The controversy of these issues stems from the immense potential in genetic sciences for both positive use and harmful misuse. Though the questions and fears of critics reflect the wisdom of caution, the potentially unlimited benefits mandate that we pursue these technologies. The central subject of Gattacas plot is human potential. This is an important bioethical issue and is basically an example of the classic argument: Nature v. Nurture. The debate is of the role of nature compared to the role of environment in the shaping of personalities and other mental and physical characteristics. Psychologists have argued on this issue extensively. In the context of genetics and the movie Gattaca, the debate is of the respective roles of original genetic makeup and environment in determining the true potential of a person. The movies theme is There is no gene for the human spirit. The main point asserted by the movie is that determination, human spirit, and other factors not genetically inherited substantially affect a persons abilities and potential for excellence. This is shown through the accomplishments of the genetically inferior main character, Vincent. Vincent was naturally conceived and born, leaving flaws in his genetic code that could have been eliminated through engineering. Notwithstanding, he is able to outperform his genetically engineered colleagues in the Gattaca space program. The movie is primarily about the difficulties he faces because of discrimination that results from judging a persons worth based only on their genetic profiles. Many fear that this sort of discrimination could become a reality in our future. Legislation has already been passed to prevent discrimination based on genetic testing. In the movie this sort of legislation existed but was ignored. Obviously, the plot would have been much different if such legislation were adequately enforced. Eugenics is the name given by Francis Galton to a theory for improving humanity through judicious matings.. . to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable. However, this process for bettering society through biological improvement is an indirect method. Through advanced technology, the step of selective breeding could possibly be bypassed. With these technologies it may be possible to directly and dynamically manipulate genetic code. The change of this code is the direct cause of change in the genetic product: people. But what is the desired product? What kind of people do we want, and with what characteristics? These questions exemplify the ethical quandaries raised by these procedures. Worried critics point to the extreme application of eugenic ideas in Nazi Germany. Others are simply opposed to any tampering with nature by the inadequate hands of humankind. In the movies time period of the not too distant future, genetic engineering technology is far progressed from todays capabilities. The predicted abilities to eliminate genetic propensity for disease and instill high intellectual faculties are presented as routine for the characters in Gattaca. Still, many experts believe that those days and procedures are near indeed. .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f , .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .postImageUrl , .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f , .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f:hover , .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f:visited , .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f:active { border:0!important; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f:active , .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u767661ea8108cc7fc8f99d57f5fee65f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drunk Driving as a Social Issue Essay Many would call the technological predictions expressed by the movie conservative. No one knows what unimaginable feats these technologies may enable in the future. For many people, though, this only compounds the moral concerns involved with these studies. Obviously, these developments need to be pursued in a prudent manner. In Gattaca, pre-natal .

Knowledge from Sense Experience an Example by

Knowledge from Sense Experience by Expert Prof Nelly | 06 Dec 2016 Where does our knowledge come from? This is a question that many philosophers try to answer. In the history of philosophy, there are two main camps that try to answer the question: the rationalists and the empiricists. The main difference between the two camps is that the rationalists believe that we get our knowledge from reason while the empiricists believe that we get our knowledge from sense experience. The basis of knowledge for one camp is reason while for the other camp is sense experience. Which of the arguments of these two camps are more convincing? I believe that the empiricists are more convincing than the rationalists. I believe that we can not know anything if we will not use our senses first. We need our reason but without anything to work on, our reason will not function. Need essay sample on "Knowledge from Sense Experience" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed What is empiricism? What are the arguments for it and who are the main philosophers who argue for empiricism? As the book says, empiricism is the theory that all knowledge of actual, existing things is delivered through the five senses: our sense of sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch. The main proponents of empiricism are grouped into three: the classical empiricists who are Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, the modern empiricist John Locke and the radical empiricist David Hume. Locke, Berkeley and Hume are known as the British empiricists because they all came from the countries of Great Britain. Students Often Tell EssayLab support: I'm don't want to write my paper now as I really don't have the time. I need well-written essays for sale Professional writers propose: Custom Essays - Easy And Quickly With Essaylab.Com How did these empiricists prove that it is mainly sense experience and not reason that is the basis of our knowledge? Why are they more convincing than the rationalists? Aristotle argues that our knowledge of ideas come from our sense experience of the particular things. He is in a way reacting to the rationalist thinking of the Greek philosopher before him, Plato. He thinks that Platos world of forms and senses cannot be correct because the belief means that we have two realities: one that consists of the ideals, the eternal and unchanging things and the world of material things that we can perceive with our senses. Aristotle believes that the form and matter are not separate; that the form is actually in the matter. Let us take for example a material thing like a table. For Plato, there is the material table which exists in our reality outside of our minds and the form of the table, the idea of table which exists in our minds. For Aristotle, this cannot be the case. As the book says of Aristotles argument, The Form or essence of the table must be right there along with the matter of table, constituting it. . . How can the Formthat which is knowable about the tablemakes the table knowable if it is not in the table?(226) For Aristotle we get our idea of the universal things (our idea of universal Table) from our sense experience of the particular things (the particular table that we are looking on). By looking at particular and different tables with different colors, shapes and sizes, for example, we get the idea of the universal Table in our minds. I think that Aristotles argument is stronger than Plato because it is hard to think about the world of Form that is outside of reality. The existence of the world of Forms that exists outside of the reality of the material things is very hard to prove. We can prove that there is a world of matter because we can see them and feel them but it is hard to prove that there is a world of Forms. Talking about caves and shadows does not help in proving the existence of the world of Forms. It is like looking for a sound argument to prove the existence of heaven. I think that it cannot be proved. It lies out of philosophy. It lies in our faith. This is the same with the world of Forms, or in my interpretation, the world of spirits. Another argument that makes empiricism more convincing than rationalism is that of John Locke who argues against innate ideas. The rationalists believe that before we sense things that allow us to know, there are ideas that are already in our minds. The main proponent of this theory is Descartes. The book calls his theory the innate ideas theory. John Locke gives solid reason why Descartes is wrong. Locke says that if we have innate ideas then all of us should understand the most basic principle that What is, is. But this is not the case with the children. They cannot understand this principle which the book says is the Law of Identity. If there are innate ideas in humans, why dont the children understand this principle? If there are ideas that are stamped on our minds even before first see the world or touch our mothers, then why dont the children have an idea of the God, for example? Maybe they do but we cannot prove it because the childrens capacity to prove that they have innate ideas is not yet developed. We have no way of knowing. Lock believes that our minds start as empty and they become filled with ideas through our sense experience and our minds working on the things that our senses put into it. For Locke, we learn through sense experience by the passive and active functions of our minds. Our passive minds perceive simple perceptions and our minds also function actively by combining, uniting and separating the simple perceptions. These become our complex ideas. If we look at it, Lockes simple and complex ideas can correspond to Aristotles particular and universal ideas. The particular ideas, like the simple perceptions are derived from our sense perceptions of the outside material things. The universal ideas, like the complex ideas, are the ideas that we produce upon repeated sensing of the particular things. Locke and Descartes, a rationalist, have one thing in common and this is that both of them believe in the dualism of mind and matter. There is a world out there that consists of the material things and there is the world in our minds that are made of ideas of the things that we have perceived. For Locke, we can only know the sensible qualities of those material things but we cannot know what really they are because we cannot step out of our minds into the outer reality so that we can know objectively the things as themselves. Locke believes that we cannot know material things out of us but only how they register to us as sensible qualities. We can only sense the sensible qualities of the table, not the table itself. We can see that the table for example is colored brown and is rectangular. We can see that it has four legs. When we touch the table, we sense that it is hard and it is smooth. We know that table because of these qualities but we cannot know the table in itself. This is o ne of the criticisms against Locke. This means that we can not have access to a real knowledge of the matter outside of ourselves. I think that this criticism is valid but it does not destroy the argument of Locke. Is it really that important in our lives if we know the things in themselves? Isnt it more important to focus on what we can know and not on the things that we can not know? And lastly, it suffices that we have our senses and that we have our reason to derive that the qualities that we see are the qualities of a table. For Locke, the perceiver is important and it should exist for the sense experiences. The perceiver is the one who takes in the simple ideas from sense experience and processes them into complex ideas. But Hume, the last of the empiricists, takes the argument of sense experiences further. Hume believes that there is no perceiver. If I sense heat from the hot soup, for example, it means that I, the perceiver, exist. Hume does not believe so. He believes that all ideas should be derived from impressions. My idea of hotness for example is derived from my impression of a hot soup. For Hume, we cannot know the I because our idea of self are not derived from impressions. Hume argues that our self, the perceiver, is only a bundle of different sensations. When I think of I, I think of only the sensations of pain or love. Sometimes I am happy, sometimes, I am sad. When I was young, I was sensitive to what people say about me but now I am different, I have become strong and confident. If we follow Hume, he will say that there is no unchanging and enduring self. The self always changes. It is a passing parade of perceptions. Hume concludes that we do not have a true idea of our self that we can derive from impressions since the impressions are not simultaneous. It is our minds who put changing impressions into one bundle. In short, our selves are not real. So for Hume, there is only the sensations, we can not be sure that we can know that matter that we perceive outside of us and we cannot be certain we can know that there is really an enduring I. This is why he is called the radical empiricist. He negates everything except our sensations. It is hard to accept that I do not have any self because I feel that I have. But I think I agree with Hume. What I think of my self is just an amalgamation of passing perceptions. Humes argument is really mind-blowing because he rejects our knowledge of anything that is not derived from impressions. He does not think that there is an I which is completely the opposite of Descartes who believes that our innate idea is I think. There is an I, a mind who thinks. Whose argument is more convincing Hume or Descartes? If we believe that we can know because of our reason, then we can be certain that there is an I. If we believe that we can know not mainly because of our reason but because of our sense experience, then we cannot be certain that there is an I. For Descartes, the only thing that he is sure of is that there is an I who thinks and with material things, he cannot be as certain. For Hume, the I is not real because it does not have a corresponding impression but only a series of what we think it is that changes over time. Our impression of I is not constant. The simple ideas do not combine simultaneously but they are always in constant flux. It is disturbing to think that I have no real I but I think that Hume destroys Descartes enduring, unchanging I. I believe that our reason is important because it is what separates us from the animals and plants. But without anything to work on, our reason will not function. It is like the most intelligent word processor. Even if it has all the commands in store in it, if nobody will input the sentences and the paragraphs, then the word processors capabilities are put into waste. Before we can put our minds to work, there should something that we should put in our minds for them to function. It is impossible to think of nothing. How can our reason function without the something that we get from our senses? The mind must always have something to work on for it to work and we are indebted to our senses because they supply our minds with that something to work on. Our senses make it possible for our minds to work. Our senses make it possible for us to think and thus become rational humans. Works Cited Davies, Lloyd. Informal Learning: a New Model for Making Sense of Experience. Aldershot, England, Gower, 2008. Knowledge Gained Through Actual Experience (Empirical Research). Knowledge Gained Through Actual Experience (Empirical Research), www.jsu.edu/dept/psychology/sebac/fac-sch/rm/Ch3-5.html